Norte Chico / Caral-Supe
3500 BCE – 1800 BCE · Andes (coastal Peru)
Old Kingdom of Egypt
2686 BCE – 2181 BCE · N. Africa
Akkadian Empire
2334 BCE – 2154 BCE · Mesopotamia
Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance)
2112 BCE – 2004 BCE · Mesopotamia
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
2055 BCE – 1650 BCE · N. Africa
Preclassic Maya
2000 BCE – 250 CE · Mesoamerica
Old Babylonian Empire
1894 BCE – 1595 BCE · Mesopotamia
Hittite Empire
1650 BCE – 1178 BCE · Anatolia / Levant
Mycenaean Greece
1600 BCE – 1100 BCE · Aegean
Shang Dynasty
1600 BCE – 1046 BCE · East Asia
Kassite Babylon
1595 BCE – 1155 BCE · Mesopotamia
New Kingdom of Egypt
1550 BCE – 1077 BCE · N. Africa / Levant
Mitanni
1500 BCE – 1260 BCE · N. Mesopotamia
Olmec Civilization
1500 BCE – 400 BCE · Mesoamerica (Gulf coast)
Middle Assyrian Empire
1365 BCE – 1050 BCE · Mesopotamia
Phoenician City-States
1200 BCE – 539 BCE · Levant / Mediterranean
Lydian Kingdom
1200 BCE – 546 BCE · Anatolia
Kingdom of Kush
1070 BCE – 350 CE · NE Africa
Zhou Dynasty
1046 BCE – 256 BCE · East Asia
Adena Culture (Mound Builders)
1000 BCE – 200 CE · N. America (Ohio Valley)
Neo-Assyrian Empire
911 BCE – 609 BCE · Mesopotamia / Levant
Chavín Culture
900 BCE – 200 BCE · Andes (Peru highlands)
Kingdom of Urartu
860 BCE – 590 BCE · Caucasus / Anatolia
Carthaginian Empire
814 BCE – 146 BCE · W. Mediterranean
Zapotec (Monte Albán)
700 BCE – 1521 CE · Mesoamerica
Median Empire
678 BCE – 550 BCE · Iran
Neo-Babylonian Empire
626 BCE – 539 BCE · Mesopotamia / Levant
Achaemenid (Persian) Empire
550 BCE – 330 BCE · W. & Central Asia
Macedonian Empire (Alexander)
336 BCE – 323 BCE · Mediterranean to India
Maurya Empire
322 BCE – 185 BCE · South Asia
Seleucid Empire
312 BCE – 63 BCE · W. Asia
Ptolemaic Egypt
305 BCE – 30 BCE · N. Africa / Levant
Parthian Empire
247 BCE – 224 CE · Iran / Mesopotamia
Qin Dynasty
221 BCE – 206 BCE · East Asia
Xiongnu Confederation
209 BCE – 93 CE · Inner Asia
Han Dynasty
202 BCE – 220 CE · East Asia
Tiwanaku
200 BCE – 1000 CE · Andes (Lake Titicaca)
Teotihuacan
100 BCE – 750 CE · Mesoamerica
Roman Empire
27 BCE – 476 CE · Mediterranean / Europe
Kushan Empire
30 CE – 375 CE · C. & S. Asia
Kingdom of Aksum
100 CE – 940 CE · Horn of Africa
Moche Civilization
100 CE – 800 CE · Andes (N. coast Peru)
Sasanian Empire
224 CE – 651 CE · Iran / Mesopotamia
Classic Maya
250 CE – 900 CE · Mesoamerica
Gupta Empire
320 CE – 550 CE · S. Asia
Byzantine Empire
330 CE – 1453 CE · E. Mediterranean
Hunnic Empire
370 CE – 469 CE · Eurasian Steppe / C. Europe
Wari Empire
500 CE – 1100 CE · Andes (Peru)
Sui Dynasty
581 CE – 618 CE · East Asia
Tang Dynasty
618 CE – 907 CE · East Asia
Tibetan Empire
618 CE – 842 CE · C. Asia / Himalaya
Srivijaya Empire
650 CE – 1377 CE · SE Asia / Maritime
Khazar Khaganate
650 CE – 969 CE · Pontic-Caspian Steppe
Umayyad Caliphate
661 CE – 750 CE · MENA / Iberia
First Bulgarian Empire
681 CE – 1018 CE · Balkans
Republic of Venice
697 CE – 1797 CE · Mediterranean / Adriatic
Ghana Empire
700 CE – 1240 CE · W. Africa (Sahel)
Abbasid Caliphate
750 CE – 1258 CE · MENA / Central Asia
Carolingian / Frankish Empire
768 CE – 888 CE · W. Europe
Mississippian Culture
800 CE – 1600 CE · N. America
Khmer Empire
802 CE – 1431 CE · SE Asia
Chola Empire
848 CE – 1279 CE · South Asia / Indian Ocean
Kievan Rus'
882 CE – 1240 CE · E. Europe
Chimú Empire
900 CE – 1470 CE · Andes (N. coast Peru)
Toltec
900 CE – 1168 CE · Mesoamerica
Fatimid Caliphate
909 CE – 1171 CE · N. Africa / Levant
Song Dynasty
960 CE – 1279 CE · East Asia
Holy Roman Empire
962 CE – 1806 CE · C. Europe
Almohad Caliphate
1121 CE – 1269 CE · Maghreb / Iberia
Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy)
1142 CE – 1779 CE · N. America (NE Woodlands)
Ayyubid Sultanate
1171 CE – 1260 CE · Levant / N. Africa
Mongol Empire
1206 CE – 1368 CE · Eurasia
Delhi Sultanate
1206 CE – 1526 CE · South Asia
Mali Empire
1235 CE – 1670 CE · W. Africa
Mamluk Sultanate
1250 CE – 1517 CE · Egypt / Levant
Ethiopian Empire (Solomonic)
1270 CE – 1974 CE · Horn of Africa
Yuan Dynasty
1271 CE – 1368 CE · East Asia
Majapahit Empire
1293 CE – 1527 CE · SE Asia / Maritime
Ottoman Empire
1299 CE – 1922 CE · MENA / Balkans
Vijayanagara Empire
1336 CE – 1646 CE · South India
Serbian Empire (Dušan)
1346 CE – 1371 CE · Balkans
Ming Dynasty
1368 CE – 1644 CE · East Asia
Timurid Empire
1370 CE – 1507 CE · C. Asia
Joseon Korea
1392 CE – 1897 CE · East Asia
Portuguese Empire
1415 CE – 1999 CE · Global maritime
Aztec Triple Alliance
1428 CE – 1521 CE · Mesoamerica
Inca Empire
1438 CE – 1533 CE · Andes
Songhai Empire
1464 CE – 1591 CE · W. Africa
Spanish Empire
1492 CE – 1898 CE · Global (Atlantic / Pacific)
Safavid Empire
1501 CE – 1736 CE · W. Asia
Mughal Empire
1526 CE – 1857 CE · S. Asia
French Colonial Empire
1534 CE – 1980 CE · Global
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1569 CE – 1795 CE · E. Europe
British Empire
1583 CE – 1997 CE · Global
Dutch Empire
1602 CE – 1949 CE · Global maritime
Tokugawa Japan
1603 CE – 1868 CE · East Asia
Qing Dynasty
1644 CE – 1912 CE · East Asia
Maratha Confederacy
1674 CE – 1818 CE · South Asia
Comanche Empire
1706 CE – 1875 CE · N. America (S. Plains)
Russian Empire
1721 CE – 1917 CE · Eurasia
Sikh Empire
1799 CE – 1849 CE · Punjab / NW South Asia
Empire of Japan
1868 CE – 1945 CE · East Asia / Pacific
German Empire
1871 CE – 1918 CE · C. Europe / colonial
Soviet Union
1922 CE – 1991 CE · Eurasia
U.S. Global Hegemony
1945 CE – 2025 CE · Global
Republic of India
1947 CE – 2025 CE · South Asia
People's Republic of China (CCP)
1949 CE – 2025 CE · East Asia / Global
Russian Federation
1991 CE – 2025 CE · Eurasia
European Union
1993 CE – 2025 CE · Europe
